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Merovingian architecture |
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| A gold chalice from the Treasure of Gourdon. | Baptistry of St. Jean, Poitiers | Entrance to the ancient Baptistery of St. John. | |||||||||
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| The baptistery is near the cathedral, like other Paleochristian examples. | The Baptistery of St. John from the south. | Interior of the baptistery, looking south. | |||||||||
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| East wall of the baptistery, with ancient frescoes. | Fresco of Christ and the Four Evangelists in the apse vault. | Octagonal tank for baptism, in the center of the interior. | |||||||||
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| Entrance porch, with Merovingian tombs scattered about. | Carved corbels on the southwest exterior | ||||||||||
| Above images with thanks to http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/poitiers-baptistere-st-jean.htm | |||||||||||
| Merovingian art and architecture Merovingian art and architecture is the art and architecture of the Merovingian dynasty of the Franks, which lasted from the 5th century to the 8th century in present day France and Germany. The advent of the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul in the 5th century led to important changes in the field of arts. Sculpture regressed to be little more than a simple technique for the ornamentation of sarcophagi, altars and ecclesiastical furniture. On the other hand, gold work and the new medium of manuscript illumination integrated "barbarian" animal-style decoration, with Late Antique motifs, and other contributions from as far as Syria or Ireland to constitute Merovingian art. Architecture The unification of the Frankish kingdom under Clovis I (465 – 511) and his successors, corresponded with the need for the building of churches, and especially monastery churches, as these were now the power-houses of the Merovingian church. Plans often continued the Roman basilica tradition, but also took influences from as far away as Syria and Armenia. In the East most structures were in timber, but stone was more common for significant buildings in the West, and in the southern areas that later fell under Merovingian rule. Most major churches have been rebuilt, usually more than once, but many Merovingian plans have been reconstructed from archaeology. The description in Bishop Gregory of Tours' History of the Franks of the basilica of Saint-Martin, built at Tours by Saint Perpetuus (bishop 460-490), at the beginning of the period and at the time on the edge of Frankish territory, gives cause to regret the disappearance of this building, one of the most beautiful Merovingian churches, which he says had 120 marble columns, towers at the East end, and several mosaics: "Saint-Martin displayed the vertical emphasis, and the combination of block-units forming a complex internal space and the correspondingly rich external silouette, which were to be the hallmarks of the Romanesque".[1] A feature of the basilica of Saint-Martin that became a feature of Frankish church architecture was the sarcophagues or reliquary of the saint raised to be visible and sited axially behind the altar sometimes in the apse; there are no Roman precedents for this Frankish innovation.[2]A number of other buildings, now lost, including the Merovingian foundations of Saint-Denis, St Gereon in Cologne, and the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, are described as similarly ornate. Some small buildings remain, especially baptistries, which fell out of fashion and were spared rebuilding. In Aix-en-Provence, Riez, and Fréjus, three octagonal baptistries, each covered with a cupola on pillars, are testimony to the influence of oriental architecture (the baptistry of Riez, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, recalls that of St. George, Ezra', Syria). Very different from these Provençal baptistries, that of St. Jean at Poitiers (6th century) has the form of a rectangle flanked by three apses. The original building has probably undergone a number of alterations, but preserves in its decoration (marble capitals) a Merovingian character. Among the very many crypts, numerous due to the importance of the cult of saints at the time, only those of St. Seurin, Bordeaux, St. Laurent, Grenoble, and the abbey of Jouarre (7th century) survive. Other arts By the 7th century, the abilities of Merovingian craftsmen must have been well regarded, as they were brought to England to re-introduce glass making skills, and Merovingian stonemasons were used to build English churches.[3] Merovingian masons also employed the opus gallicum extensively and are responsible for bringing it to England and bequeathing it to the Normans, who brought it to Italy. Very few Merovingian illuminated manuscripts survive, of which the most richly decorated is the 8th century Gelasian Sacramentary in the Vatican Library, which has geometric and animal decoration, less complex than that of the Insular art of the British Isles, but like it derived from metalwork motifs, with some influence from Late Antiquity and the Near-East. The principle centres were the Abbey of Luxeuil, an Irish foundation, and later its daughter house at Corbie Abbey. A large Merovingian art collection in Berlin was taken by Soviet Occupiers to Russia, where it remains to this day. Notes ^ V.I. Atroshenko and Judith Collins, The Origins of the Romanesque (Lund Humphries, London) 1985, p. 48. ISBN 085331487X ^ Werner Jacobsen, "Saints' Tombs in Frankish Church Architecture" Speculum 72.4 (October 1997:1107-1143). ^ Bede. The Lives of the Holy Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow. References European Commission: Raphaël Programme. The Normans, a European people: The Norman heritage, 10th – 12th century. Architectural Heritage: Italy — the Molise §8 Fortifications and castles: Fortifications — The opus gallicum in the fortifications. 2004. Gilbert, Edward. "Brixworth and the English Basilica." The Art Bulletin, Vol. 47, No. 1. (Mar., 1965), pp 1–20. Bede. Lives of the Holy Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow. |
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| With special thanks to http://bennerfarms.com/dutch/Jesus/Roman/index.html | |||||||||||
Forgotten Symbol of Jesus
In the year 400A.D., Barbarian hordes of Germanic tribes including the Almanni, Franks, Gauls, Vandals, Visigoths and Lombards fought for control of the northern Roman Empire. The sword scabbard belt buckle, shown below, was created in the year 400A.D., and found in the year 1885 inside the tomb of a Barbarian warrior. The Romans referred to the people living beyond their borders as Barbarians, but often employed Barbarians as mercenary soldiers to safeguard the Empire border. The Barbarian warrior stationed in the Roman province of Gaul, now known as Vermand, France, was a high ranking military leader fighting as a member of the Roman Legion. The buckle in the photograph below should be viewed at a 45 degree angle, as it was supporting a belt that was draped over one shoulder. Thus, one point would be facing upward. Vermand, France is an essential location in the study of the Morning Star. For Vermand or Vermandois is the home of the oldest Morning Star symbol (Vermand Treasure, NY Metro Museum of Art), and it is the land of Hugh of Vermandois discussed on this webpage under the Crusades.
Visit: New York Metropolitan Museum of Art
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| With special thanks to http://bennerfarms.com/dutch/Jesus/Roman/index.html | |||||||||||
